Living in Farmers Branch, TX: What to Know Before You Move
Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex · Texas

Living in Farmers Branch, Texas
(2026 Complete Guide)

What Is Living in Farmers Branch, Texas Like?

You've probably driven through Farmers Branch on I-35E without stopping — that's the experience most people have before they actually move here. What they don't expect is a city that calls itself 'the City in the Park' and more or less earns it: 12 square miles tucked inside the Dallas metro, roughly 12 miles north of downtown, with more than 1,500 rose bushes planted throughout the city, restored 19th-century structures, and a DART Green Line station that can get a downtown-bound commuter out of their car. The city sits at the junction of I-35E (Stemmons Freeway) and I-635 (LBJ Freeway), which means access to virtually every corner of the metroplex — and also means that the freeway network defines the edges of daily life here in ways that take a few months to fully appreciate.

Farmers Branch is the oldest settlement in Dallas County, first granted in the 1840s and incorporated in 1946, and the historical texture is still visible at Farmers Branch Historical Park with its log cabins, train depot, and vintage baseball team that plays by 19th-century rules. Today the city of 38,320 residents has a median age of 33.4 — younger and more working-age than most DFW suburbs — and about 29% of residents were born outside the United States, which shapes everything from the restaurant scene to the school district's language programs. The local independent school district, with a large and diverse student body, holds a B rating, according to the Texas Education Agency. FormFactor, Inc., a global semiconductor test and measurement company, broke ground on a new advanced manufacturing facility here in November 2025 — described by the city council as the most significant economic development in the city's recent history — alongside the existing anchors of Dallas College Brookhaven Campus and a major regional health system serving commuters from the Dallas side.

On housing costs, Farmers Branch sits in a practical middle band for the Dallas metro: the typical home price is $384,262 (Zillow Home Value Index, July 2026), and the city-wide typical rent runs $1,648 per month — both figures that feel attainable compared with Addison to the east or Plano further north, though the median household income of $91,186 does sit below what's needed to carry the typical home comfortably. More than half the city rents rather than owns, which keeps the energy younger and more transient than the deep-established suburbs further out. The effective property tax rate of 1.41% is worth building into your budget from the start. For a fuller breakdown, the cost of living page covers taxes, utilities, and groceries in detail.

Whether you're being relocated here by a DFW-area employer, pricing yourself back into the Dallas market after a stretch in a pricier suburb, or drawn by the freeway access and the surprisingly green streetscape, the sections below break down Farmers Branch's neighborhoods, housing market, commute patterns, local economy, and what daily life here actually feels like on a Tuesday in October.

Farmers Branch scenery

Farmers Branch at a Glance

38,320
Population
$66,000
Min. income to rent comfortably
$110,072
Min. income to buy a home
95°F
Avg. summer high
233
Sunny days per year
20 min
Avg. commute to Downtown Dallas

Looking to buy in Farmers Branch? Estimate your payment.

Enter your numbers to see an estimated monthly mortgage payment.

Loan amount
Principal & interest
Est. property taxes (~1.41% annual rate)
Est. homeowner's insurance
Est. total monthly

Estimate only. Excludes HOA fees and mortgage insurance. The interest rate above is a starting point, not a quoted rate — replace it with your own to see real numbers. Insurance is a flat placeholder, not a Farmers Branch quote.

Want to talk through your numbers for Farmers Branch? Tell us what you need and we’ll connect you with a vetted local professional.
Get Connected →

Why Are People Moving to Farmers Branch?

The case for Farmers Branch is shorter than people expect: Dallas access, without Dallas prices, inside a city that has spent decades investing in parks and green space rather than just density. That combination is genuinely rare at this location in the metro.

Location Inside the Metro

Sitting where I-35E and I-635 intersect, Farmers Branch is one of the few inner-ring Dallas suburbs where you can reach downtown, the airport, and Addison's restaurant corridor without a sustained highway slog. The average commute clocks in at 21.6 minutes — shorter than most DFW suburbs its distance from downtown. That's the practical reason most working households choose it.

A City Actively Reinventing Its Economy

For decades, Farmers Branch was primarily a logistics and light-industrial hub. That identity is shifting fast. FormFactor, Inc., a publicly traded semiconductor test and measurement company, began site work and equipment installation on an advanced manufacturing facility here in November 2025 — a project the city council called the most significant economic development in recent memory, expected to create hundreds of skilled jobs. The city's development pipeline across new construction and renovation projects signals a market that is still actively expanding its ownership product mix.

The existing employer base is anchored by the City of Farmers Branch itself, the local school district, and Dallas College Brookhaven Campus, which brings a steady stream of students and instructors into the city's daily economic rhythm. Many residents also commute to UT Southwestern Medical Center, which is located in Dallas and is one of the region's dominant healthcare employers.

The Multicultural Draw

With roughly 29% of residents born outside the United States and a median age of 33.4, Farmers Branch skews younger and more internationally diverse than its quiet, tree-lined streetscape might suggest. Families with school-age children who want a genuinely diverse school district — rather than a performatively diverse one — tend to find the local district a real fit. It holds a B rating, according to the Texas Education Agency, and serves a large, diverse student body. For more on individual campuses and boundary quirks, see the schools page.

Conservation Cred That Surprises People

Farmers Branch earned recognition as a TxN 20 honoree from Texan by Nature in 2025 for its conservation programs — including an annual tree giveaway and compost workshops run through Dallas College Brookhaven. For a 12-square-mile city inside a major metro, that's a real commitment, and it shows in the streetscape.

What Daily Life Feels Like in Farmers Branch

The Morning Routine

Most households in Farmers Branch own two cars, and on a weekday morning, both tend to move. The city is majority-renter — the homeownership rate sits around 42.4% — so the daily rhythm feels more urban-adjacent than the deep-suburb experience you get 20 miles out. The roads are not gridlocked at 7 a.m. the way Dallas surface streets can be, but the Stemmons Freeway corridor fills up, and anyone heading into the design district or downtown needs to time it honestly.

Parks Are the City's Real Identity

'The City in the Park' is not just a tagline. Rawhide Park and Gussie Field Watterworth Park anchor the green space network, the Mercer Crossing trail system gives walkers and cyclists a real off-street route, and John F. Burke Nature Preserve offers a genuinely wild pocket of land inside a built-out suburb. The Rose Gardens at Farmers Branch Historical Park — more than 1,500 rose bushes in total across the city — are the kind of thing you discover in your second month and keep coming back to. For the full parks picture, the parks and recreation page goes deeper.

What Six Months Here Teaches You

Newcomers consistently underestimate how much the I-635/I-35E interchange shapes their daily geography. Living on the wrong side of it relative to your employer adds meaningful minutes — not the 5-minute kind. Spend a week driving your actual routes at your actual commute times before you pick a specific neighborhood.

The other thing people notice: Farmers Branch is quieter than its location suggests. The parks buffer the interior neighborhoods from the freeway noise better than the map implies, and weekend mornings in the Brookhaven area feel genuinely suburban in a way that surprises people who expected a dense, transitional suburb.

Safety in Context

Farmers Branch records a violent crime rate of 2 per 1,000 residents, well below both the state average of 4 per 1,000 and the national figure. A property crime rate of 25.5 per 1,000 residents runs somewhat above the state average of 20.7 per 1,000 and the national figure of 18.4 per 1,000 — worth knowing, particularly for residents in higher-traffic commercial corridors. The safety page breaks this down by area.

The Farmers Branch Housing Market Right Now

The typical home price in Farmers Branch is $384,262 (Zillow Home Value Index, July 2026). For an inner-ring Dallas suburb with this level of freeway access, that figure reflects a market that has not yet repriced to match its location — which is exactly why working households continue to choose it over Addison or Carrollton, where prices run somewhat higher and about the same, respectively. Irving comes in somewhat lower for buyers stretching a budget.

The majority-renter character of the city — only about 42% of households own — means the ownership market is smaller and more competitive than the rental market. Well-priced single-family homes in the Brookhaven area and Brookhaven Country Club neighborhood draw genuine interest from buyers who want established trees and mid-century architecture. Mercer Crossing, on the other hand, represents the newer-construction end of the city, with more recent townhomes and attached product that appeals to buyers who want lower-maintenance living close to the DART station.

The city's active development pipeline — spanning new construction and significant renovations — signals that the ownership product mix is expanding. What that means practically for a buyer: the neighborhood character in some parts of the city is still in transition, and what a block looks like today may look noticeably different in three years.

One honest note on affordability: the median household income in Farmers Branch sits below the income needed to carry the typical home here — by about $19,000. That gap is not unusual for the Dallas metro, but it does mean that buyers at the median income level will need to approach the purchase carefully. The cost of living page covers the full picture on taxes, utilities, and what monthly costs look like beyond the mortgage. For buyers working through the purchasing process for the first time, the first-time homebuyer page covers the process from pre-approval through closing.

Farmers Branch Neighborhoods

Farmers Branch has several distinct areas — each with its own character and appeal. Here’s a breakdown to help you narrow down where to focus your home search.

🏡 Brookhaven / Brookhaven Country Club

The city's most recognized address, anchored by the Brookhaven Country Club and mature tree canopy that sets it apart from the rest of the suburb. It suits buyers who want established single-family character and don't mind paying a modest premium over the city median for it.

🏠 Mercer Crossing

The newer end of Farmers Branch, with more recently built townhomes and attached housing appealing to buyers and renters who want lower-maintenance living near the DART Green Line station and the Mercer Crossing trail system.

🌳 Valwood Park

A working neighborhood with more modest housing stock and a multicultural character that reflects the broader city demographic; it suits buyers who prioritize location and value over architectural polish.

🏘 Johnston Park

A quieter residential pocket that sits away from the main commercial corridors; it draws families with school-age children who want a lower-traffic neighborhood feel within easy reach of the freeway network.

🏔 Brookhaven Hills

A mid-century residential area with mostly single-family homes on larger lots, appealing to buyers who want the Brookhaven area's tree-lined character without the country club premium.

🌆 Brookhaven Estates

One of the more established ownership pockets in the city, with well-kept single-family homes and a neighborhood stability that tends to attract buyers relocating from other Texas markets who want something move-in ready.

Want to see what's for sale in Farmers Branch?Sign up for listing alerts — get notified when homes hit the market.
Get Listing Alerts →

Pros & Cons of Living in Farmers Branch

The Pros

  • Dense concentration of corporate headquarters and jobs within city limits
  • Extensive park system and rose gardens earning the 'City in a Park' nickname
  • Central DFW location with quick access to I-35E, I-635, and DART rail
  • Relatively strong household incomes and stable suburban housing stock

The Cons

  • Property crime rates run notably above national averages, especially vehicle theft
  • Older housing stock in parts of the city can mean higher upkeep costs
  • No full-service hospital located within city limits

Getting Around & Commuting in Farmers Branch

The Freeway Reality

I-35E (Stemmons Freeway) and I-635 (LBJ Freeway) are the two routes that define how Farmers Branch connects to the rest of the metro. Most commuters drive alone — the typical household owns two cars — and the average commute runs 21.6 minutes. The drive to Downtown Dallas takes about 20 minutes under normal conditions, though the Stemmons corridor is one of the more variable stretches in North Texas and that number moves depending on when you leave.

I-635 opens up east-west travel to Irving, Addison, and the airport corridor. Dallas Love Field (DAL) sits 12 miles away, which is a genuine quality-of-life advantage for anyone who travels regularly for work.

The DART Option

Farmers Branch Station on the DART Green Line, which opened in December 2010, gives downtown-bound commuters a genuine rail alternative. The station connects to bus routes 227 and 233 and the GoLink on-demand zone service, making it functional for more than just the walk to the platform. Farmers Branch signed a renewed membership agreement with DART in early 2026 after the agency agreed to governance reforms that give every member city a board seat and return a share of sales-tax revenue — so the transit relationship is stable for the foreseeable future.

For most daily errands, though, a car is still the practical answer. The city's commercial corridors are built around driving, and the residential neighborhoods are not laid out for walkable grocery runs in the way a traditional urban grid would be.

What Locals Actually Do

The honest commuter pattern: workers heading to Dallas or the Stemmons corridor drive and mostly prefer it. Workers heading to Irving or the airport corridor use I-635. Anyone with a downtown Dallas office who lives near the Green Line station has a real car-free option that a surprising number of residents don't take advantage of — mostly because the park-and-ride culture hasn't fully taken hold in this part of the metro.

One seasonal note: the I-635/I-35E interchange backs up hard during major events at nearby venues and on holiday travel days. If you're evaluating a specific address, drive the interchange at your commute time, not at 10 a.m. on a Saturday.

Schools in Farmers Branch

Families relocating to Farmers Branch have public, private, and higher-education options nearby. Here’s a quick overview.

🎓 School District

Carrollton-Farmers Branch Independent School District serves K–12 students across Farmers Branch and the surrounding area. Rated B (source: Texas Education Agency, 2025 A-F accountability rating (2024-25 school year)).

🏆 Graduation Rate

The 4-year high-school graduation rate here is approximately 92.2%.

📚 Higher Education

Texas’s public universities — the University of Texas at Austin, Texas A&M University, and the University of Houston — offer four-year degrees statewide, with one of the largest community college systems in the country (50+ public community college districts) providing two-year and workforce programs.

🌐 Online Learning

UT Austin Online and Texas A&M University Online offer fully accredited online degrees for remote learners across the state.

Safety in Farmers Branch

A quick look at how Farmers Branch compares on the numbers that matter most when weighing a neighborhood or a move.

🛡 Violent Crime

Approximately 2 per 1,000 residents.

🔒 Property Crime

Approximately 25.5 per 1,000 residents.

Compared to the most recent national figures from the Bureau of Justice Statistics (2024), Farmers Branch’s violent crime is below the national average (about 3.7 per 1,000), and property crime is above the national average (about 18.4 per 1,000).

Against Texas as a whole, Farmers Branch’s violent crime is roughly half the state average, and property crime is somewhat above the state average (Bureau of Justice Statistics, Crime Known to Law Enforcement, 2024 (tables 2 and 3)).

Crime rates can vary a lot within a single city, so the citywide numbers above are only a starting point. Some neighborhoods in Farmers Branch run well below these averages, while others run higher — the kind of block-by-block detail that matters most when you’re actually choosing where to live. The full guide below breaks it down neighborhood by neighborhood.

Working in Farmers Branch

Farmers Branch’s largest employers span several industries — here are some of the anchors of the local job market.

🏛 City of Farmers Branch

Municipal government

🎓 Carrollton-Farmers Branch Independent School District

Education

🎓 Dallas College Brookhaven Campus

Higher education

🏥 UT Southwestern Medical Center

Healthcare, located in Dallas

Parks & Recreation in Farmers Branch

Some of the outdoor spaces that shape everyday life in Farmers Branch.

🌱 Farmers Branch Historical Park

Farmers Branch residents don’t have to go far for green space — spots like Farmers Branch Historical Park are part of everyday life here, whether that’s a morning walk, a weekend hike, or just somewhere to unwind outside. The full guide below covers more of what Farmers Branch has to offer for parks and outdoor recreation.

Farmers Branch

Retiring in Farmers Branch

Farmers Branch draws retirees for its balance of amenities, outdoor access, and cost. Here’s what to weigh.

🌤 Climate

Farmers Branch gets 233 sunny days a year — more sun than most of the country, though summers run long and genuinely hot, with July and August regularly pushing triple digits. Winters are mild by comparison, with occasional ice events that tend to catch transplants off guard. Spring and fall are the city's best seasons, which is partly why the rose gardens are timed to bloom twice.

🍴 Lifestyle

The Farmers Branch Historical Park, Rose Gardens, and Children's Health StarCenter give retirees cultural and recreational anchors without requiring a drive into Dallas. The local dining scene covers everyday needs well. For bigger cultural draws, Downtown Dallas and its museums are about 20 minutes away.

🏚 55+ Communities

Gatherings at Mercer Crossing is the established 55+ community in Farmers Branch, located in the city's newer Mercer Crossing development area. It offers low-maintenance living with proximity to the trail system and the DART Green Line station. For a fuller look at retiring in the area, the retiring page covers healthcare access and lifestyle considerations in more depth.

✈ Getting Around

Most retirees in Farmers Branch drive — the city's layout is car-dependent for daily errands, and the typical household owns two cars. The DART Green Line provides a useful alternative for trips into Dallas without freeway driving. Dallas Love Field (DAL) is 12 miles away, making air travel more accessible than in many DFW suburbs.

🏛 Texas Taxes for Retirees — What to Know

Tax laws change frequently and individual situations vary. This is general information, not tax advice — always consult a qualified Texas tax professional or CPA for personalized retirement tax planning.

Weekends & Local Favorites in Farmers Branch

History You Can Actually Touch

Farmers Branch Historical Park is not a drive-by attraction. The restored cluster of 19th-century structures — two log cabins, a train depot with caboose, a church, a general store, and a Queen Anne Victorian cottage — sits surrounded by antique rose gardens that bloom in spring and again in fall. The park's vintage baseball team plays period-style 19th-century games on the grounds, which reads as genuinely eccentric in the best way. On a quiet Saturday morning it feels more like a small Texas town than a suburb 12 miles from downtown.

The Rose Gardens Circuit

The city's signature outdoor experience is garden-hopping its more than 1,500 rose bushes, which stretch from Gussie Field Watterworth Park to the Historical Park in a loose circuit that locals walk in both directions. The Rose Gardens of Farmers Branch are at their peak in spring and October, and the Children's Health StarCenter nearby gives families with young skaters a year-round anchor in the same part of the city.

Trails and Green Space

The Mercer Crossing trail system is the city's best off-street walking and cycling infrastructure, running through the newer development on the city's north side. Rawhide Park and John F. Burke Nature Preserve round out the green-space network — the Nature Preserve in particular surprises people with how quiet and genuinely wild it feels given the surrounding development. For a complete overview, the parks and recreation page maps it all out.

Where to Eat and Drink

The local food scene is more interesting than the city's strip-mall streetscape suggests. Pete's Cafe and The Diner are the longtime neighborhood anchors — the kind of places where the staff knows regulars by name. Roots Southern Table brings a more polished approach to Southern cooking and draws diners from well outside the city. Spicy Zest - Restaurant & Bar covers the spicier end of the spectrum, and Starwood Cafe handles the everyday sit-down. For coffee, The Aussie Grind Provisions is the standout independent — the name is literal, and the approach to espresso is serious.

Weekend mornings in Farmers Branch tend to orbit the parks and the café circuit. The city doesn't have the restaurant density of Addison, and a serious dining night out often means driving a few miles — but for day-to-day life, the local options are more than enough to keep you out of the car chain.

Local favorites in Farmers Branch

Restaurants

  • The Diner
  • Pete's Cafe
  • Roots Southern Table
  • Spicy Zest - Restaurant & Bar
  • Starwood Cafe

Outdoors

  • Rawhide Park
  • Rose Gardens at Farmers Branch Historical Park
  • John F. Burke Nature Preserve
  • Mercer Crossing trail system
  • Gussie Field Watterworth Park

Coffee

  • The Aussie Grind Provisions

Top Things Locals Say About Farmers Branch

The best intel about a city comes from the people who actually live there. Here’s what Farmers Branch residents say when newcomers ask the questions everyone’s thinking.

“I knew the commute numbers looked good on paper, but I didn't realize until month two that which side of the interchange I landed on was going to matter that much. The parks — especially the rose gardens and the nature preserve — were a genuine surprise. Nobody mentioned those when we were researching the move.”

— Recent Farmers Branch home buyer

“What's the most surprising thing about living in Farmers Branch?”

How green it actually is. From the freeway it reads as a commercial suburb — warehouses, big-box corridors, the Stemmons on-ramps. Once you're inside the residential neighborhoods, especially around the Brookhaven area, it's mature trees and rose gardens and genuinely quiet streets. The Farmers Branch Historical Park with its log cabins and vintage baseball games is the kind of thing you stumble on and then bring every out-of-town guest to.

“What do locals love most about Farmers Branch?”

The location-to-price combination, honestly. You're 20 minutes from downtown, the DART Green Line is right there if you want to skip the Stemmons, and you're not paying Addison prices for it. The parks system is consistently underrated — the John F. Burke Nature Preserve and the Mercer Crossing trail system get real use from residents who figured out they don't have to drive to a trail.

“What should newcomers to Farmers Branch know?”

Drive your actual commute routes at your actual commute time before you commit to a specific address. The I-635/I-35E interchange is the city's central organizing fact, and living on the wrong side of it relative to your office adds real minutes every day in a way that's hard to appreciate until you're doing it. Also: the rose garden circuit from Gussie Field Watterworth Park to the Historical Park is genuinely worth doing in spring and October — most newcomers don't find it for months.

“How much do you need a car in Farmers Branch?”

For most daily life, a car is the practical answer. Grocery runs, errands, and most dining options require driving. The exception is commuters who live near Farmers Branch Station — the DART Green Line makes a car-free downtown commute genuinely workable, and the GoLink on-demand service extends the transit reach somewhat. The typical household owns two cars, and that reflects the reality on the ground.

Cities Near Farmers Branch

Other communities near Farmers Branch worth a look — each with its own character and price point.

CityDistanceBest ForVibeMedian RentMedian Buy
Carrollton4 miFamilies, newer construction, more spaceEstablished, suburban, diverse$1,656$405,531
Addison3 miRenters, dining lovers, no-kids householdsDense, restaurant-heavy, walkable pockets$1,650$375,000
Irving9 miBudget-conscious buyers, airport workersMixed, commercial, freeway-accessible$1,611$343,364

More Helpful Guides for Farmers Branch

Going deeper on Farmers Branch? Our blog series covers everything from first-time buying to retiring here — explore the guides below.

Local Expert Takeaway: Farmers Branch earns its 'City in the Park' brand in ways that surprise people who only know it from the freeway. The rose gardens circuit from Gussie Field Watterworth Park to Farmers Branch Historical Park, the DART Green Line station near Children's Health StarCenter, and the Mercer Crossing trail system give the city a livability foundation that most inner-ring Dallas suburbs at this price point don't have. The catch is the I-635/I-35E interchange — understand how it affects your specific commute before you pick a neighborhood, because the difference between the right side and the wrong side of that junction is real, daily, and not obvious from a map.

Quick Takeaways & FAQs

✅ The DART Green Line at Farmers Branch Station gives downtown Dallas commuters a genuine car-free option — rare for an inner-ring suburb at this price point.

⚠️ A property crime rate of 25.5 per 1,000 residents runs above state and national averages, so location within the city matters more than the citywide number suggests.

📍 Farmers Branch is the oldest settlement in Dallas County, and Farmers Branch Historical Park — with its log cabins, train depot, and vintage baseball team — is the kind of weekend destination that keeps longtime residents showing up.

Is Farmers Branch a good place to raise a family?
It depends on what you prioritize. The local school district holds a B rating, according to the Texas Education Agency, and serves a genuinely diverse student body. The parks system is legitimately strong for a city this size — Rawhide Park, John F. Burke Nature Preserve, and the Rose Gardens give kids real outdoor space. The property crime rate runs above state and national averages, so picking a specific neighborhood matters. The Brookhaven area tends to feel the most settled and family-oriented.
How far is Farmers Branch from Downtown Dallas?
About 20 minutes to Downtown Dallas by car under normal conditions, roughly 12 miles north. The DART Green Line also connects Farmers Branch Station to downtown for commuters who'd rather skip the Stemmons Freeway entirely. Travel time varies meaningfully depending on time of day and the I-35E corridor's notorious variability.
What is the typical home price in Farmers Branch right now?
The typical home price is $384,262 as of July 2026, according to the Zillow Home Value Index. For context, nearby Carrollton runs somewhat higher and Irving somewhat lower. The city is majority-renter — about 57% of households rent — so the ownership market is smaller than the overall population might suggest. The typical citywide rent is $1,648 per month.
Does Farmers Branch have public transit?
Yes. Farmers Branch Station on the DART Green Line has been operating since December 2010 and connects to Downtown Dallas via light rail. The station also links to bus routes 227 and 233 and the GoLink on-demand zone service. Farmers Branch renewed its DART membership agreement in early 2026 following governance reforms, so the transit partnership is stable. That said, most residents drive for daily errands — the city's commercial layout is car-oriented outside the transit corridor.
What are the property taxes like in Farmers Branch?
The effective property tax rate in Farmers Branch is 1.41%. Texas has no state income tax, which is a meaningful offset for buyers coming from income-tax states. For a complete breakdown of how property taxes, sales taxes, and overall cost of living stack up, the cost of living page covers it in detail.

Helpful Links for Moving to Farmers Branch

Moving to Texas?

Tell us what you need help with and we'll connect you with local resources.

Todd Davidson

Todd Davidson

About the Author

Todd Davidson is the founder of The Move Genie, a premier digital resource offering in-depth city guides, neighborhood profiles, and localized market insights for communities nationwide. Drawing on an extensive background in home financing and real estate, he established the platform to streamline the relocation process, helping families make confident, data-driven decisions when comparing new areas.